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The paper considers the motivations for people’s decision to watch horror, why people enjoy horror, how individual differences influence responses to, and preference for, horror film, how exposure to horror film changes behavior, how horror film is designed to achieve its effects, why we fear and why we fear specific classes of stimuli, and how liking for horror develops during childhood and adolescence. This review provides the first synthesis of the empirical literature on the psychology of horror film using multi-disciplinary research from psychology, psychotherapy, communication studies, development studies, clinical psychology, and media studies. Why do we watch and like horror films? Despite a century of horror film making and entertainment, little research has examined the human motivation to watch fictional horror and how horror film influences individuals’ behavioral, cognitive, and emotional responses.

Faculty of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, School of Psychotherapy and Psychology, Regent’s University London, London, United Kingdom.

He also says that while F-16s are ready to be sent over to Ukraine now, he expects that they will not be in use until next year due to the need to train pilots and build up spare parts. "Really that shows the state of the air force that they are having to recruit people to what should be a core role." "They are even recruiting, apparently, retired aviation teams to fly these things, which is really odd, because you think any air force worth its salt would actually have close air support at its core. In other words, they are designed to have a go at the Ukrainian forces on the ground as they mount their attack. Speaking to The News Hour with Mark Austin, he says: "It will be formed of SU-24 fighters - a 1960s vintage fighter - and the SUV-25 - which is a 2014 fighter - and also attack helicopters. Our military analyst Sean Bell says the timing of Russia's new unit is "no coincidence". It comes after the US authorised Western allies to give F-16 fighter jets to Ukraine. We reported earlier on British intelligence that suggests Russia is preparing to set up a new "elite" air attack unit. You can read more about the F-16s in the article below. However, the F-16s would still provide a significant boost to Ukraine's military capabilities, in terms of both air defence and aiding counter-offensives. It has also been used and flown in conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq, Kosovo and the Persian Gulf.īut the F-16s are steadily being retired, replaced by even more advanced jets, including by the next generation F-35s. In 1991, during the Gulf War, F-16s were used to attack airfields, military production facilities and other targets. It is a multi-role fighter aircraft created for the United States Air Force and can travel at speeds up to 1,500mph and has a range of more than 2,002 miles. The F-16 is a high-tech fighter jet built by the American defence contractor Lockheed Martin.

We reported a little earlier today about the F-16 fighter jets and how intelligence suggested Russia may form an "elite" air group in response to the US allowing for the aircraft to be sent to Ukraine.īut what exactly are F-16s - and why does Ukraine want them? Now living in London, where he runs a wine shop in Mayfair, Mr Chichvarkin is helping to raise money to fund medical supplies for Ukraine. Mr Chichvarkin, 48, made millions through his mobile phone retail firm, before leaving the country in 2008 after campaigning against corruption in Russia.

"A lot of tanks, a lot of missiles, rockets. "That means these means sanctions do not work."Īsked if he thinks Putin can be defeated, he says: "That depends, unfortunately, Ukraine has to be supported by cash because the economy of Ukraine cannot be independent for the moment. "The sanctions do not work properly - the GDP of Russia only has dropped about two per cent despite these record sanctions. "While Western and Eastern countries (are) still purchasing oil, gas, wood, nickel, a lot of other things, from Putin, he will be comfortable, because the financial situation in Russia is quite stable," he tells Sky News. An exiled Russian businessman has warned Putin cannot be stopped unless countries stop buying Russian goods like oil and gas.Įvgeny Chichvarkin - once one of the richest young entrepreneurs in Russia - said current sanctions are also not proving effective.